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ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE LEVEL OF SURVIVAL OF

FISHERMEN IN JANGKA DISTRICT, BIREUEN REGENCY

Adhiana

, Suryadi

, Riani

Faculty of Agriculture, Malikussaleh University, Aceh, Indonesia

1,2,3

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Indonesia's fisheries and marine resources have a very important role, but abundant marine resources are

not matched by the better life of coastal communities. Limited access and loss of living assets are serious

problems faced by poor people in coastal areas, thus affecting their livelihoods. This research was

conducted in Masa District, Bireuen Regency from July to November 2022. Purposive determination of

the location of the study considering that the sub-district is one of the areas with the highest number of

fishing households in Bireuen Regency. The population of capture fishermen was 9,432 people, and the

number of samples obtained was 120 fishermen. The sampling method uses accidental sampling

techniques. The data in this study will be analyzed with the SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) Model.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that affect the level of sustainability of fishermen's

lives in Masa District, Bireuen Regency, and analyze the relationship between vulnerability, life assets,

strategies and the sustainability of fishermen's lives. Based on the results of the study, it was found that

the factors that affect the sustainability of fishermen's lives are life strategies and ownership of living

assets. The fourth relationship is that increased vulnerability positively affects fishermen's living assets,

increasing the availability of living assets positively affects fishermen's life strategies. Increasing

ownership of living assets positively affects the sustainability of fishermen's lives and increasing life

strategies positively affects the sustainability of fishermen's lives.

Keywords: Sustainability of life; Fishermen; Jangka District

INTRODUCTION

Fisheries resources in Indonesia have a very important and strategic role for the nation's

national development both from economic, social, security and ecological aspects. Judging from

the total volume of Indonesian fisheries production in 2019 as much as 23,006,152 tons / year.

From capture fisheries, subtotal production reached 6,981,935 tons / year and from aquaculture as

much as 16,114,217 tons / year (Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Aceh, 2019). However, abundant

marine resources are not matched by the better life of coastal communities. There are 6771

fishermen in Bireuen Regency, and of these there are 4767 people whose permanent jobs are as

fishermen, and 901 people as side jobs and there are 1103 fishermen owners (BPS, 2019). Masa

sub-district is one of the sub-districts in Bireuen regency which has the third highest number of

fishermen out of 10 other sub-districts.

However, it is generally known that fishing communities are faced with limited access and

the loss of living assets is a serious problem for the poor in coastal areas. In addition, low education

can also contribute to increased vulnerability due to them not being able to have high efficiency

and not being able to compete to achieve a better life (Lisna et al. 2012). Government policies

towards development that are less pro-poor also cause them to be increasingly marginalized so that

there is no opportunity to also make decisions in resource management and increasingly difficult

with natural conditions that are less conducive and the threat of various disease outbreaks and

natural disasters that can come at any time causing threats to the sustainability of their lives.

Community life can be said to be sustainable if it is able to overcome and deal with various

forms of vulnerability. But the reality is that until now many people living in coastal areas have not

been able to cope and face various forms of vulnerability, so they are still trapped in poverty so that

the level of sustainability of their lives is still inadequate (Slamet Widodo, 2011). Fisherman/coastal

villages in the form of social, economic, ecological and cultural entities, which are the boundary

between land and sea, in which there is a collection of people with certain patterns of life and

behavior and characteristics (Rosni, 2017) and are always faced with the problems of their lives. In

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short, the preservation of life is when they are able to overcome obstacles and losses that arise at

any time, both anticipated and unthinkable beforea (Sati & Vangchhia, 2017).

Like other fishing communities, fishermen in Masa District, Bireuen Regency also

experience various types of vulnerabilities and asset limitations. Where this situation can affect the

sustainability of life both economically and socially. This situation will certainly have an impact

on the welfare of fishermen's families in Masa District, Bireuen Regency. Life sustainability cannot

be realized if coastal communities have not been able to overcome various forms of vulnerability

and limited access to various living assets owned by fishermen.

With regard to the problem of the sustainability of fishermen's lives, one of the approaches

used to determine the characteristics of fishing communities while assessing the sustainability of

life is the approach (Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA)). This approach has been widely used

by other researchers, but not many have used quantitative methods, especially with Structural

Equation Modeling (SEM). While the research conducted by (Sahri, M., Mashudi, & Sukoharsono,

2011) and Naning (2013) more emphasis on one asset accessibility factor. This approach explains

that there are several factors that affect the sustainability of life, including vulnerability factors,

living assets and strategies used to get a sustainable life. This study will analyze simultaneously the

four factors. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research

The objectives of this study are (1) Analyzing factors that affect the level of sustainability of

fishermen's lives in Bireuen District, and (2) Analyzing the relationship between vulnerability, life

assets, strategies and life outcomes (life sustainability) of fishermen.

RESEARCH METHOD

This research was conducted in Bireuen District, Aceh Province, namely in Masa District,

Bireuen Regency. The determination of the location of the study was carried out purposively or

deliberately with the consideration that the sub-district is one of the areas with a considerable

number of fishing households in Bireuen Regency, which is as many as 659 households. This

study was conducted from July to November 2022. The total population of capture fishermen in

Bireuen Regency is 9,432 people, using the Taro Yamane formula, the number of samples is

obtained as many as 120 fishermen. The sampling method uses Accidental Sampling technique,

which is a technique of determining samples by chance. This study used primary data obtained

directly through interviews and questioners from fishermen. Secondary data are obtained from

the Marine Service, Central Statistics Agency, Agricultural Extension Center and other related

agencies

The data in this study will be analyzed with the SEM Model (Structural Equation

Modeling) or Structured Equation Model (MPB). MPB is used to analyze the relationship between

the various assets owned by fishermen, the strategies carried out and the livelihoods they obtain.

This research will use a structured equation method which is a combination of factor analysis and

regression.

Measurement Model

The determination model known as factor validation analysis is a process that allows

researchers to use several indicators to obtain independent variables called latent factors or latent

constructs. This model of determination contains constructs that have no causal relationship and

correlation between them. Each latent variable is modeled as the underlying factor of the related

variable (Andriani, 2013) dan (Byrne, 2016). Loading factors that relate latent variables to known

variables are labeled λ ("lambda"). The error in the measurement model is denoted by ξ (ksi). The

measurement model can be illustrated in Figure 1.

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Figure 1

SEM Measurement Model

Structural Model

Structured models emphasize relationships between latent variables. In the determination

model this relationship refers to the relationship between factors and indicators. Conversely,

structured models can show the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent

variable in multiple regression analysis (Santoso, 2011).

Figure 2

The SEM Structural model drawing follows, and will be analyzed using model SEM.

This study uses the following study framework:

Figure 3

Study Analysis Framework

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Testing of Determinants of Fishermen's Life Sustainability

In accordance with the research model that has been developed, this study was conducted

to test the determinants of fishermen's survival using a structural equation model (SEM). Full

model analysis conducted to test the hypothesis of the determinants of the sustainability of

fishermen's lives, using the AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structure) program whose results can

be seen in the following figure :

Vulnerability Factor : Conflict with other fishermen

Sustainability of fishermen

Fishermen's assets:

1. Human Assets

2. Cultural Assets

3. Financial Assets

4. Physical Assets

5. Social Assets

Life strategy

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Figure 4

Early models of Structured Equations

Model Conformity Test

The results of the model conformity index analysis can be seen in Table 1. The chi square

value (43.741) is already relatively low, indicating that the observed covariance matrix differs

markedly from the predicted one and this results in a probability smaller than the significance

level (0.277). However, because the Chi Square value is very sensitive to the number of samples,

it is necessary to look at other index values (Sati & Vangchhia, 2017), (McDonald & Marsh,

1990) and (Byrne, 2016). Most model conformance indices have met the required cut-off values

(RMSEA, GFI, TLI and CFI, AGFI and CMIN/DF), and only AGFI shows marginal acceptance.

The results of this model conformity index indicate that the model is adequate.

Table 1

Conformity Index Results Initial model of Structured Equations

Goodness of fit Index

Cut-off value

Analysis results

Evaluation

Chi square

Probability

RMSEA

GFI

AGFI

CMIN/DF

TLI

CFI

Diharapkan kecil

≥ 0,05

≤ 0,08

≥ 0,90

≤ 2,00

≥ 0,95

43,741

0,277

0,032

0,939

0,897

1,122

0,953

0,967

Good

Marginal

Good

Source : primary data, processed (2022)

Therefore, the value of the modification index is seen as a consideration of whether the

developed model needs to be modified or not (Carrasco, 2010). Based on the output of the AMOS

program, the modified index values can be seen in the following table.

Table 2

Covariances: Modification Index

M.I.

Par Change

e20

<-->

e23

4,409

,037

<-->

e20

4,279

,046

<-->

e20

4,353

-,080

<-->

e21

4,998

,140

<-->

e19

4,319

-,055

Source : primary data, processed (2022)

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Shown in Table 2 the value of MI is quite small, but there appear three times, namely e20.

Based on these values, these variables are tried to be connected, the results of which can be seen

in the following figure:

Figure 5

Modified Model of Structured Equations

Based on Figure 5, it can be seen that the conformity index value of all indexes has met the

cut-off value standard, and the probability value is above 0.05 and the AGFI value still shows the

marginal acceptance value, which is more in the following table:

Table 3

Results of the Conformity Index of the Structured Equation Modification Model

Goodness of fit Index

Cut-off value

Analysis results

Evaluation

Chi square

Probability

RMSEA

GFI

AGFI

CMIN/DF

TLI

CFI

Diharapkan kecil

≥ 0,05

≤ 0,08

≥ 0,90

≤ 2,00

≥ 0,95

38,172

0,462

0,006

0,947

0,908

1,005

0,998

0,999

Good

Source : primary data, processed (2022)

The results of the estimation (regression weight) for the benefit of hypothesis testing after

modification of the model can be seen in the following table:

Table 4

Regression Weights After Model Modification

Estimate

S.E.

C.R.

Assets

<---

Vulnerability

,549

,687

2,800

,040

Strategy

<---

Assets

,408

,424

2,963

,035

Sustainability

<---

Assets

,073

,456

2,160

,033

Sustainability

<---

Strategy

,131

,298

2,439

,040

Physical

<---

Assets

-,847

,380

-2,229

,026

Finance

<---

Assets

-,073

,284

-,258

,797

Human

<---

Assets

1,000

Strategy 1

<---

Strategy

1,000

Strategy 2

<---

Strategy

5,187

2,526

2,054

,040

Strategy 3

<---

Strategy

2,193

,442

4,964

***

Economics

<---

Sustainability

1,128

,871

2,294

,036

Vulnerability

<---

Sustainability

,120

,526

,227

,820

Conflict

<---

Sustainability

1,000

Season

<---

Sustainability

2,954

3,753

2,787

,031

Nature

<---

Sustainability

1,000

Source : Primary data, processed (2022)

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Hypothesis Test Results

There are four hypotheses proposed in this study, namely two hypotheses to see the

influence of living assets, and life strategies on the sustainability of fishermen's lives. The other

two hypotheses are to look at the effect of vulnerability on living assets, and the influence of

living assets on life strategies. The results of testing the hypothesis can be seen from the estimation

of regression weight parameters (McDonald & Marsh, 1990). Based on the regression weights

value in Table 4, the test results of the five hypotheses proposed can be described as follows:

Hypothesis 1: Increased vulnerability positively affects fishermen's living assets. The

results of statistical testing of hypothesis 1 show an estimated parameter value of 0.549; standard

error value 0.687; critical ratio value 2.800; with a probability value of 0.040. Using a significance

level (alpha) of 0.05, it can be concluded that there is enough empirically strong evidence to reject

H0 and accept Ha. This means that increased vulnerability has a positive and significant effect on

the decline in living assets (Kumala et al., 2013). This shows that the more frequent the storm or

rainy season, the more influential it is on the decrease in the number of fish catches, and this is

related to fishermen's financial assets. This research is in line with (Adhiana, 2016) where in the

study found that vulnerability is directly related to financial assets.

Hypothesis 2: Increased availability of living assets positively affects fishermen's life

strategies. The results of statistical testing of hypothesis 1 show an estimated parameter value of

0.408; standard error value 0.424; critical ratio value 2.963; with a probability value of 0.035.

Using a significance level (alpha) of 0.05, it can be concluded that there is enough empirically

strong evidence to reject H0 and accept Ha. This means that an increase in ownership of

fishermen's living assets has a positive and significant effect on fishermen's life strategies, in line

with research (Khuswati et al., 2022), and (Hidalgo & Cuesta, 2018). This shows that with the

increase in ownership of human assets, physical assets in the form of fishing gear and financial

assets in the form of sufficient capital to go to sea, it increasingly affects the life strategy carried

out by fishermen. The strategy carried out by fishermen is to increase various activities, such as

drying small fish caught, making salted fish, and others, as well as attending various trainings to

improve fishermen's ability to do business. This research is in line with (Adhiana et al., 2019),

Where the ownership of farmers' living assets affects their life strategy. The results of this study

are almost the same as (Rosni, 2017), Roslina, (2009), (Sahri, M., Mashudi, & Sukoharsono,

2011) which gets a connection between strategy and life assets.

Hypothesis 3: Increased ownership of living assets positively affects the sustainability of

fishermen's lives. The results of statistical testing of hypothesis 1 show an estimated parameter

value of 0.073; standard error value 0.456; critical ratio value 2.160; with a probability value of

0.033. Using a significance level (alpha) of 0.05, it can be concluded that there is enough

empirically strong evidence to reject H0 and accept Ha. This means that increasing the ownership

of fishermen's living assets has a positive and significant effect on the sustainability of fishermen's

lives. This shows that an increase in the ownership of human assets such as an increase in the

level of education and experience, an increase in the ownership of financial assets with the

availability of working capital, and the ownership of physical assets in the form of fishing

equipment in the form of outboard motor boats and 5-10 GT motorboats used to catch fish and

fishing equipment such as props, docks, nets, and bubu will improve the sustainability of

fishermen's lives, in line with research (Sati & Vangchhia, 2017), and (Mukherjee et al., 2002).

Hypothesis 4: Improved life strategies positively affect the sustainability of fishermen's

lives. The results of statistical testing of hypothesis 1 show an estimated parameter value of 0.131;

standard error value 0.298; critical ratio value 2.439; with a probability value of 0.040. Using a

significance level (alpha) of 0.05, it can be concluded that there is enough empirically strong

evidence to reject H0 and accept Ha. This means that improving fishermen's life strategies has a

Analysis of Factors Affecting The Level of Survival of Fishermen in Jangka District, Bireuen Regency

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positive and significant effect on the sustainability of fishermen's lives, and is in line with research

(Novianti et al., 2016). The strategy carried out by fishermen includes various activities that can

increase income, including drying excess fish, making salted fish, participation in courses and job

exercises that can increase knowledge in capture fisheries, in line with research (Sati &

Vangchhia, 2017). Turasih et al. (2012) In his research found that the livelihood strategy applied

by potato farming households is to increase agricultural land use and the two-type livelihood

model strategy. The two-way model strategy consists of activities to become farm laborers,

clothing merchants, tailors, horse-drawn carriage pullers, laborers, vegetable traders and potato

wholesalers. Hussen and Nelson (1998), found that people who settled in rural areas used life

strategies including crop diversity, population movement, and agricultural strengthening.

Twomlow (2002) in the results of his study stated that in agriculture farmers use strategies to

increase agricultural yields in the short term, or strategies to improve and conserve soil in the long

term.

CONCLUSION

Based on the processed data with SEM, it was found that the factors that affect the

sustainability of fishermen's lives are life strategies and ownership of living assets. The strategy

carried out by fishermen includes various activities that can increase income, including drying

excess fish, making salted fish, participation in courses and job exercises that can increase

knowledge in capture fisheries. Ownership of living assets in the form of human, financial and

physical assets. The increase in human assets such as increasing the level of education and

experience, increasing the ownership of financial assets with the availability of working capital,

and ownership of physical assets in the form of the availability of fishing equipment in the form of

outboard motor boats and 5-10 GT motorboats used to catch fish and fishing equipment such as

props, docks, nets, and bubu will improve the sustainability of fishermen's lives. The relationship

between the four latent variables is that increased vulnerability positively affects fishermen's living

assets, increased availability of living assets positively affects fishermen's life strategies. Increasing

ownership of living assets positively affects the sustainability of fishermen's lives and increasing

life strategies positively affects the sustainability of fishermen's lives.

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